CHICKEN POX (VARICELLA)

 Chickenpox, also known as varicella, is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). It is characterized by an itchy, blister-like rash. Here’s an overview:

Causes and Transmission

Caused by: Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)

Transmission: Direct contact with the rash, droplets from an infected person’s sneeze or cough, and touching contaminated surfaces.

Symptoms

- Fever

- Tiredness and fatigue

- Loss of appetite

- Headache

- Red spots that develop into itchy blisters filled with fluid

- Blisters that eventually crust over and form scabs

Diagnosis

- Clinical diagnosis: Based on the characteristic rash and accompanying symptoms.

- Laboratory tests: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, blood tests to detect antibodies, and viral culture.

Treatment

- Symptomatic relief:

  - Antihistamines for itching (e.g., diphenhydramine)

  - Calamine lotion and oatmeal baths to soothe the skin

  - Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for fever and discomfort (avoid aspirin in children due to the risk of Reye’s syndrome)

- Antiviral medications: Acyclovir may be prescribed, particularly for high-risk individuals (e.g., immunocompromised patients, pregnant women).

Complications

- Bacterial infections of the skin

- Pneumonia

- Encephalitis

- Reye’s syndrome in children (if aspirin is used)

- Shingles (herpes zoster) later in life

Prevention

- Vaccination: Varicella vaccine is highly effective in preventing chickenpox.

- Isolation: Infected individuals should stay isolated until all blisters have crusted over to prevent spreading the virus.

Proper management and preventive measures can significantly reduce the spread and impact of chickenpox.